ACCURACY OF ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF BUSINESS CONTGRACT
商務合同的翻譯對經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展與繁榮非常重要。準確性是對商務合同英語翻譯的基本要求。要從以下四方面保證商務合同英語翻譯的準確性:詞法、句法、數(shù)字和大寫。
1、詞法的準確
1.1 縮略詞的準確??s略詞是指由主干單詞的第一個字母所構(gòu)成。這是人們在長期的商務使用過程中逐漸演變的結(jié)果。
縮略詞以其規(guī)范、簡明、節(jié)省時間的特點而被廣泛使用。例如:
保兌的不可撤消的無追索權(quán)的以中國遠洋運輸公司為受益人的信用證,合同貨物全部貨款為英鎊,憑即期匯票并附運輸單據(jù)向裝運港的中國銀行議付。
By confirmed, irrevocable L/C without recourse in favour of COSCO for the total value of the contracted goods in poundssterling, payable at sight against presentation of shipping documents to the Bank of China in the port of loading.
L/C 是letter of credit 的縮寫,COSCO 是China Ocean Shipping Co.的縮寫。
其他如:CMT = cut-make-trim 剪裁、縫邊、鑲邊的加工費;SHINC = Sunday and Holiday Included 包括星期天和節(jié)假日;
PDPR = per day or pro rata 每天?不足一天按比例計算;CCIB = the China Commodity Inspection Bureau 中國商品檢驗局。
但要注意:
1國家名稱往往可以縮寫,街道名稱中的Road, Street 等最好不要縮寫,如:
中華人民共和國貴州省貴陽市營盤路8 號6 幢713 號,郵政編碼:55003 Building 6, Suite 713 8 Yingpan Road Guiyang, Guizhou 550032 PRC2表示“午前”、“午后”的縮寫a.m.和 p.m.不能和o’clock, in the morning, in the afternoon 等連用。“正午點”、“午夜點”應寫成noon, midnight,不要寫成12 a.m., 12 p.m.。
3表示長度、面積、體積、容積、重量等的單位名稱,在商務合同中一般不用縮寫,只有在列表中與數(shù)字直接放在一起時才使用縮寫,且縮寫無單復數(shù)之分:ft = foot, feet; yd = yard, yards; oz = ounce, ounces4月份名和星期名最好不要縮寫,除非是在列表時為了節(jié)省空間。
1.2 同義詞連用的準確。在商務合同中,經(jīng)常用成雙成對的同義詞,同義詞之間用and 或or 連接。成對用同義詞是為了避免訴訟時雙方律師鉆詞義間的細微差別大做文章。因而在做英語翻譯時一定要注意。我們知道“term”和“condition”是同義詞,都表示“條件、條款”,但它們在合同中就經(jīng)常連用,例如:
買賣雙方同意按下列條款買賣以下貨物:
人工翻譯一篇簡歷多少錢The Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to purchase the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below:
修改amendments to or alterations of ;效力force and effect ;履行fulfill or perform;提供――furnish and provide ; 解釋 interpretation or construction ; 達成 make and enter into ; 無效null and void;秘密――secret and confidential;可轉(zhuǎn)讓――transferable or assignable。
1.3 復合詞的準確。商務合同中常用到的是here、there 或where 與in、on、after、of 等介詞結(jié)合構(gòu)成的復合詞。在合同中使用這些詞,可避免重復,做到準確、簡潔、嚴密,反映出契約性行文正式、嚴肅、古板的文體特征。這類復合詞中的“here”應理解為“this”,“ there”應理解為“that”,“ where”應理解為“which”。因此,hereof = of this ,herewith = withthis 關(guān)于此點; hereafter = after this time; in the future 自此以后,將來;hereby = by means of this 以此方式;herein = in this place于此處;hereinafter = below or in this document 在下文;hereto = to this 由是,由此;thereinafter = in that part 在下部分;thereupon= as a result of that 于是,因此;therefor = for that object 為此,因之;whereas = considering that 考慮到,鑒于;whereof = ofwhat 所談的事;whereby = by which 借以;whereupon = after which 然后。如:
受讓方應保持十分詳細的帳簿和記錄,使下述提成費能據(jù)此確定為驗明提成報告和所支付的提成費,受讓方還應準許出讓方指定的有身份證明的公共會計師,在營業(yè)時間任何合適的時候檢查帳簿和記錄。
The Licensee shall keep books and records in sufficient detail to enable the royalties payable hereunder to the determined , and,
shall further permit such books and records to be examined by a certified public accountant appointed by the Licensor at any reasonable time during the business hours to the extent necessary to verify the royalty and payments herein.
1.4 正規(guī)性詞語的準確。商務合同的用詞一般都正式、規(guī)范的語言,而不能太口語化??蓮摹皊hall”在商務合同中的廣泛使用看出這一點。用“shall”代替“will”or“should”以加強語氣和強制力。“shall”在合同中,并非指單純的將來時,
而是常常用來表示法律上可以強制執(zhí)行的義務,表示當事人需要承擔的義務,有“應該”、“必須”的意思。“will”在合同中雖也用作表示承擔義務,但語氣比“shall”弱。在合同中“should”通常只用來表示語氣較強的假設(shè)“萬一”,極少用來表示“應該”,這是英語合同用詞與基礎(chǔ)英語用詞的不同之處。如:
賣方保證貨物達到質(zhì)量標準,沒有瑕疵。雖然中文中無“應該”字樣,但應翻譯成:
The seller shall guarantee that the goods meet the quality standards and without blemish.
下面再列舉一些詞的正規(guī)表達和口語表達:
修改―amend―change, correct;給予―assign―give;召集會議―convene―call to meet;
解釋―construe―explain;同意―consent―agreement;立約―covenan―promise in writing;
國外產(chǎn)品說明書翻譯認為―deem―consider;立刻-forthwith-at once;臨時的-interim-temporary;
參與-partake-join;要求-require-ask;遞交-surrender-give。
1.5 專用表達的準確。在商務合同中還經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一些像In Witness Whereof、Know All Men by these presents 之類的專用表達,這些單詞或詞組在日常交流中幾乎不用。如:
1本協(xié)議書于上面所簽定的日期由雙方根據(jù)各自的法律簽定,開始執(zhí)行,特立此據(jù)。
In Witness Whereof, the parties hereto have caused the Agreement to be executed on the day and year first before written in accordance with their respective laws.
2特此宣布,我中國建設(shè)銀行向騰達公司立約擔保支付三百萬元人民幣保證金,本保證金對銀行及其繼承人和受讓人均具有約束力。
Know All Men by these presents that we Construction Bank of China will be bound to Tengda Corp. in the sum of three million RMB yuan for payment well and truly to be made to the Owner , the Bank will bind itself , its successors and assigns by these presents.
1.6 詞項重復的準確。
詞項重復是指很少使用代詞,重復關(guān)鍵詞。這是為了達到準確的目地。除在“it is agreed as follows”和“it is understood that”兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中外,代詞“it”幾乎見不到。此外,名詞前常用“said”、“aforesaid”、“above-mentioned”等來限定,如:
如賣方延遲交貨超過合同規(guī)定10 周時,買方有權(quán)撤消合同。此時賣方仍應不延遲地按上述規(guī)定向買方支付罰款。
In case the Seller fails to make delivery ten weeks later than the time of shipment stipulated in the Contract, the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the Contract, and the Seller, in spite of the cancellation, shall nevertheless pay the aforesaid penalty to the Buyer without delay.
2.句法的準確
2.1 句式結(jié)構(gòu)的準確。
1商務合同中均以完整句子為主,陳述句居多,具有相同或類似的深層邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。且多用主動語態(tài),少用被動語態(tài)。
因為主動語態(tài)比較自然、明確、直接和有力。如:
本租賃合同生效日起,承租人應向出租人支付相當于二個月租金4,000 美元的押金,作為對忠實履行本租約的擔保金。本押金將于1998 年5 月11 日租約到期時,在承租人交還租房,而設(shè)備完好的前提下,歸還承租人不計息,或者,在租約提前終止時,按本租約規(guī)定辦理。
On the date of coming into force of this Lease, the Lessee deposits with the Less or the sum equaling two months’ rent (=USD4,000) as security for the faithful performance of the provisions of this lease, and to be returned to the Lessee without interest when the Lessee surrenders the premises and all the equipment in good condition on expiration May 11, 1998 of this lease or based on the conditions of this Lease for sooner termination.
這則商業(yè)用房租賃合同,中文是兩個句子,而為了表達連貫,富有邏輯,英文翻譯中只用了一個完整的句子:主句加時間狀語從句,附帶介詞詞組狀語和分詞詞組狀語。
2常用條件句。合同除了規(guī)定雙方應該履行的義務外,還設(shè)想了各種可能發(fā)生的情況和處理辦法,所以條款中條件句較多,尤其是在有關(guān)付款、違約責任、不可抗力、財產(chǎn)處理和仲裁等幾章中更是屢見不鮮。英文中最常見的有以下幾種表達方式: in the event that, in case 等。這種結(jié)構(gòu)雖然拖沓冗長,但表意非常精確,杜絕了產(chǎn)生歧義的情形。如:
若需要進口許可證,買方應在訂貨前辦妥。
In case the Import License is required, the buyer should settle the problem before placing the order.
3為了表達希望某事不太可能發(fā)生,常用“should”放于句首,主語與動詞倒置的從句加主句的句型。這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示強烈的假設(shè)。如:
假如買方未能履行與賣方所訂立合同的任何條款,賣方有權(quán)終止全部或部分合同,或延期交貨,或截留運輸中貨物。
Should the buyer fail to perform any provision of the contract signed with the seller, the seller is entitled to terminate the whole or any part of the contract, or postpone the delivery or hold back the goods in transit.
2.2 狀語位置的準確。按照英語寫作的一般規(guī)則,主謂之間不能放置較長的狀語。但在商務合同英語中,較長的狀語和never、 often 等經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在主謂之間。另外一般文書的狀語從句中,If、When、In case 等連詞與從句的主語之間一般不能放置狀語,但商務合同英語中的狀語可以這樣做。這樣是為了保持語意的連貫。如:
任何一方向合資公司付清其認繳的出資額以后,對合資公司的任何債務不承擔責任。
No Party shall, after having paid to the joint venture company the entirety of the capital it has subscribed, assume any responsibility for any of the debts and liabilities of the joint venture company.
在被邀簽約時,承包人應同意簽定并履行合同,該合同是由業(yè)主按照本合同條件所附格式擬訂,如有必要,可對其進行修改。該合同的擬訂和簽訂費用由業(yè)主承擔。
The Contractor shall, if called upon so to do, enter into and execute the Contract, to be prepared and completed at the cost of the Employer , in the form annexed to these conditions with such modification as may be necessary.
在非正式協(xié)商開始30 天后,如果雙方仍不能友好地解決合同爭端,任何一方都可以要求將爭端提交仲裁解決。
If, after 30 days from the commencement of such informal consultations, the parties fail to resolve amicably a contract dispute , either party hereto may require that the dispute by submitted to arbitration for resolution.
3、數(shù)字的準確
商務合同英語中的數(shù)字有一系列的規(guī)則,有些與漢語的規(guī)則有很大差別。
查單詞英語翻譯3.1 一般來說,1 至10 寫成單詞,11 及其以上的數(shù)字寫成阿拉伯數(shù)字。如:
罰款率按每7 天0.5%,不足7 天以7 天計算。
The rate of negotiation is charged at 0.5 percent for every seven days, odd days less than seven days should be counted as seven days.
如賣方延期交貨超過 合同規(guī)定20 周時,買方有權(quán)撤消合同。
In case the Seller fails to make delivery 20 weeks later than the time of shipment stipulated in the Contract, the Buyer shall havethe right to cancel the Contract.
3.2 句首的數(shù)字應寫成單詞,不能寫成阿拉伯數(shù)字。如:30 箱貨物丟失。Thirty of the packages were lost.
3.3 并列的數(shù)字如果有的在10 以上,有的在10 以下時,應全部寫成阿拉伯數(shù)字。如:每紙箱裝有8 個茶杯和12 個玻璃杯。Each carton contains 8 cups and 12 glasses.
3.4 日期的年、日用阿拉伯數(shù)字表示,月用單詞表示。日和年放在一起時,中間用逗號隔開;月和年放在一起時之間不用逗號。如:
銷售合同
合同號:2000-3211
日期:2000 年8 月20 日 簽約地點:中國深圳
SALES CONTRACT
No.:2000-3211
Date:August 20 ,2000 Signed at Shenzhen, China3.5 地址的門牌和郵編號碼用阿拉伯數(shù)字表示,如:
買方:尤力康公司 美國加利福尼亞州舊金山市海風路15 號,郵政編碼:9100The Buyer :Unicon Corporation 15 Ocean Wind Road, San Francisco, California,91002 USA3.6 在有一定法律效力的商務合同中,金額的表示非常重要。為避免金額數(shù)量的偽造、涂改、差錯,可以用以下方法表示:金額如用阿拉伯數(shù)字表示,后面往往用單詞予以說明,這相當于漢語中的大寫金額。但要注意:阿拉伯數(shù)字前要加貨幣符號,金額數(shù)字必須緊靠貨幣符號;單詞要加say 和only 加以限定,如:
單價:深圳船上交貨價每件12.80 美元
總值:166,400 美元壹拾陸萬陸仟肆佰美元正
UNIT PRICE: US $12.80 FOB Shenzhen per suit.
TOTAL PRICE: US$166,400,00 (One hundred and sixty-six thousand four hundred US dollars only orSay one hundred and sixty-six thousand four hundred US dollars)
4.大寫的準確。
大寫是商務英語的重要組成部分,與中文有很大的不同。
4.1 合同的條款都要大寫。如: 樣品:SAMPLES; 時間與數(shù)量:DURATION AND QUANTITY; 責任: RESPONSIBILITIES ;保險:TERMS OF INSURANCE。
4.2 冒號后面的句子首字母應大寫。如:原產(chǎn)地:中華人民共和國 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN: The People’s Republic ofChina
4.3 姓和名的首字母應大寫,姓名前的稱謂的首字母應大寫。如:總裁納爾遜 President Nelson
4.4 單位名稱除介詞、冠詞、連詞外的每個單詞的首字母應大寫。如:紐約金軟公司 Kingsoft Corporation of New York
4.5 表示合同的當事人、條款等的單詞的首字母應大寫,如:甲方Party A ;買方The Buyer;條款5 Clause 5;本合同the Contract。
4.6 Invoice、Grade、Model 等詞之后跟上數(shù)字或字母時,它們的首字母應大寫。如:2000-31 型的5 號襯衣 shirtsin Size 5 of Model 2000-31