北京正規(guī)的翻譯機(jī)構(gòu)

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　一、英譯漢 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的譯法

　　英語(yǔ)中非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括分詞、不定式和動(dòng)名詞。動(dòng)名詞與名詞具有類(lèi)似的功能,在翻譯時(shí)可以參考名詞性從句或抽象名詞的譯法, 下面, 我們主要通過(guò)一些實(shí)例說(shuō)明動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞的翻譯方法。

　　例1.Americans do not like to be called materialisticbecause they feel that this unfairly accuses them of loving only materialthings and of having no religious values.

　　美國(guó)人不喜歡被稱(chēng)為物質(zhì)主義者, 因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為指控他們只重物質(zhì)利益, 沒(méi)有宗教價(jià)值觀是不公正的。(不定式作賓語(yǔ))

　　例2.The writer‘s purpose may be simply to inform, orto make readers aware of similarities or differences that interesting andsignificant in themselves.

　　作者的目的或許只是想告訴讀者或者讓讀者意識(shí)到(存在于比較對(duì)象之間的)很有趣、值得注意的相似和不同之處。(不定式作表語(yǔ))

　　例3.The aim of science is to describe the world inorderly language, in such a way that we can, if possible, foresee the resultsof those alternative courses of action between which we are always choosing.

　　科學(xué)的目的在于用規(guī)律的語(yǔ)言來(lái)描述世界。這樣, 如果可能的話(huà), 我們就能預(yù)見(jiàn)到可供選擇的兩個(gè)行動(dòng)方案的結(jié)果。我們經(jīng)常遇到這種選擇。(不定式作表語(yǔ))

　　例4.It is the business of the scientist to accumulateknowledge about the universe and all that is in it, and to find, if he is able,common factors which underlie and account for the facts that he knows.

　　科學(xué)家要做的事就是積累有關(guān)宇宙和宇宙中的一切事物的知識(shí), 而且要是可能的話(huà), 找出那些既能構(gòu)成科學(xué)家所知事實(shí)的基礎(chǔ), 又能解釋這些事實(shí)的共同因素。(不定式作主語(yǔ))

　　例5.It is a difficult task to compare two systems ofeducation which stem from different roots and often produce contrastingeffects.

　　兩種教育制度體系源于不同的根基, 并常常產(chǎn)生對(duì)照鮮明的不同效果, 因而,要將它們作一比較, 確非易事。(不定式作主語(yǔ))

　　例6.This tendency to escalate a situation into itsworst possible conclusion is what I called awfulizing, and it can be a keyfactor in tipping the balance toward, illness or health.

　　把一種情況逐漸地想象為最壞的結(jié)果, 我稱(chēng)之為“杞人猶天”, 這或許能打破你體內(nèi)平衡, 或使你患病, 或使你健康。(不定式作定語(yǔ))

　　例7.As never before, the nations of the worlddemonstrated a willingness to put aside ideological and individual differencesto confront a common threat.

　　世界各國(guó)決心要把意識(shí)形態(tài)分歧和各自的不同意見(jiàn)放在一邊而來(lái)正視這個(gè)共同的威協(xié), 這在以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有過(guò)。(不定式作定語(yǔ))

　　例8.To communicate precisely what you want to say, youwill frequently need to define key words.

　　要準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)想要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容, 就經(jīng)常需要對(duì)關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行釋義。(不定式作狀語(yǔ))

　　例9.To make calculations manageable even by computers,most of the models suppose either that the oceans are a shallow, motionlessswamp or that they don‘t exist at all.

　　為了使這些計(jì)算甚至可以用普通的計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)處理, 大多數(shù)模型要么假設(shè)海洋是既淺又靜止的沼澤, 要么假設(shè)它們根本不存在。(不定式作狀語(yǔ))

　　例10.We can have greater confidence in the reality ofa healing system that is beautifully designed to meet most of its problems.

　　我們對(duì)下述事實(shí)應(yīng)抱有充分而信心: 人體的健康機(jī)制十分精妙, 足以應(yīng)付大部分疾病。(不定式作狀語(yǔ))

　二、英譯漢 狀語(yǔ)從句的譯法

　　英語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、目的等等, 英語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句用在主句后面的較多, 而漢語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)從句用在主句前的較多, 因此, 在許多情況下, 應(yīng)將狀語(yǔ)從句放在主句前面。下面我們通過(guò)一些實(shí)例說(shuō)明它們常用的翻譯方法。

　　例1.When the levels reached 6 percent the crew memberswould become mentally confused, unable to take measures to preserve theirlives.

　　當(dāng)含量達(dá)到6%時(shí), 飛船上的人員將會(huì)神經(jīng)錯(cuò)亂, 無(wú)法采取保護(hù)自己生命的措 施。(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)

　　例2.When censorship laws are relaxed, dishonest peopleare given a chance to produce virtually anything in the name of “art”. (83年考題)

　　當(dāng)審查放寬時(shí), 招搖撞騙之徒就會(huì)有機(jī)可乘, 在“藝術(shù)”的幌子下炮制出形形色 色的東西來(lái)。(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)

　　例3.When tables and other materials are included, theyshould be conveniently placed, so that a student can consult them withoutturning over too many pages.

　　當(dāng)書(shū)中列有表格或其他參考資料時(shí), 應(yīng)當(dāng)將這些內(nèi)容編排在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢? 以便 使學(xué)生在查閱時(shí), 不必翻太多的書(shū)頁(yè)。(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)

　　例4.This happens when a fact is discovered which seemsto contradict what the “l(fā)aw” would lead one to expect.

　　每當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)事實(shí)使人感到與該定律應(yīng)得出的預(yù)期結(jié)論相矛盾的時(shí)候, 就發(fā)生這種情況。(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)

　　例5.Now since the assessment of intelligence is acomparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparingour subjects provides a ‘valid‘ or ‘fair‘ comparison. (92年考題)

　　既然對(duì)智力的評(píng)估是比較而言的, 那么我們必須確保, 在對(duì)我們的對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較時(shí), 我們所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比較。( 原因狀語(yǔ)從句)

　　例6.The policies open to developing countries are morelimited than for industrialized nations because the proper economies respondless to changing conditions and administrative control.

　　由于貧窮國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)形勢(shì)變化的適應(yīng)能力差一些, 政府對(duì)這種經(jīng)濟(jì)的控制作 用也小一些, 所以發(fā)展中國(guó)家所能采取的政策比起工業(yè)化國(guó)家來(lái)就更有局限性。(原因狀語(yǔ)從句)

　　例7.For example, they do not compensate for grosssocial inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngstermight have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. (95年考題)

　　例如, 他們(測(cè)試)并不對(duì)社會(huì)總的不平等作出補(bǔ)償, 因此, 測(cè)試不能告訴我們, 一個(gè)社會(huì)地位低下的年輕人如果生活在較為優(yōu)越的條件下, 會(huì)有多大的才能。(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句)

　　例8.It also plays an important role in making theearth more habitable, as warm ocean currents bring milder temperatures toplaces that would otherwise be quite cold.

　　由于溫暖的洋流能把溫暖的氣候帶給那些本來(lái)十分寒冷的地區(qū)并使之變暖, 因此, 海洋在使我們這個(gè)地球更適合人類(lèi)居住方面也扮演一個(gè)重要的角色。(原因狀語(yǔ)從句)

　　例9.Electricity is such a part of our everyday livesand so much taken for granted nowadays that we rarely think twice when weswitch on the light or turn on the radio. (84年考題)

　　電在我們的日常生活中所占的地位是如此重要, 而且現(xiàn)在人們認(rèn)為電是想當(dāng)然的事, 所以我們?cè)陂_(kāi)電燈或開(kāi)收音機(jī)時(shí), 就很少再去想一想電是怎么來(lái)的。(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句)

　　例10.The first two must be equal for all who are beingcompared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. (92年考題)

　　如果要從智力方面進(jìn)行任何比較的話(huà), 那么我們對(duì)所有被比較者來(lái)說(shuō), 前兩個(gè)因素必須是一致的。(條件狀語(yǔ)從句)

三、英譯漢 定語(yǔ)從句的譯法

　　定語(yǔ)從句可以分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句兩種,兩類(lèi)定語(yǔ)從句在翻譯方法上基本類(lèi)似, 因此我們把它們放在一起介紹。在翻譯定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),我們經(jīng)常采用下列的翻譯方法:

一、前 置 法

　　把英語(yǔ)原文的定語(yǔ)從句翻譯成帶“的”的定語(yǔ)詞組, 放置于被修飾的詞之前, 將英語(yǔ)原文的復(fù)合句翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句, 這種方法一般用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句比較短的情況。 一些較短的具有描述性的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句也可采用前置法, 但沒(méi)有限制性定語(yǔ)從句使用得普遍。例如:

　　例1.For example, one function of friendship seems tofulfill is that it supports the image we have of ourselves, and confirms thevalue of the attitudes we hold.

　　例如, 友誼的一個(gè)作用似乎是支持我們?cè)谧约盒哪恐械男蜗? 并使我們持有的價(jià)值觀念更加堅(jiān)定。

　　例2.The first two must be equal for all who are beingcompared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. (92年考題)

　　如果要從智力方面進(jìn)行任何比較的話(huà), 那么對(duì)所有被比較者來(lái)說(shuō), 前兩個(gè)因素 必須是一樣的。

　　例3.The first method is to give a synonym, a word thathas nearly the same meaning as the word you wish to define: face forcountenance, nervousness for anxiety.

　　第一種方法是同義詞法, 即給出一個(gè)與需要釋義的詞在意義上幾乎相同的, 如用face表示countenance, 用nervousness表示anxiety.

　　例4.Behaviourists, in contrast, say that difference inscores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of theeducational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. (90年考題)

　　相反, 行為主義者認(rèn)為, 成績(jī)的差異是由于黑人常常被剝奪了白人在教育及其他外界環(huán)境方面所享有的許多有利條件而造成的。

　　例5.The method of scientific investigation is nothingbut the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it issimply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise andexact explanations. (94年考題)

　　科學(xué)研究的方法不過(guò)是人類(lèi)思維活動(dòng)的必要表達(dá)方式, 也就是對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行 思考并給以精確而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)解釋的表達(dá)方式。

　　例6.A youngster who has no playmates of his age livingnearby may benefit greatly from attending nursery school.

　　附近沒(méi)有同齡伙伴和自己玩的兒童，上托兒所可以得到很多的益處。

二、后 置 法

　　當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng)時(shí), 如果翻譯成前置的定語(yǔ), 就會(huì)不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 在這種情況下, 往往把該定語(yǔ)從句翻譯成并列的分句, 放置于原來(lái)它所修詞的后面。另外在處理此類(lèi)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 一般遵循的原則是: 若保留先行詞, 則在第二個(gè)分句中加以重復(fù), 若省略, 則兩個(gè)并列分句中均不再保留。當(dāng)然, 在實(shí)際的翻譯過(guò)程中也有例外。

　　例1.All the water that flows through the wide pipe ina second must somehow get through a narrow part too, which it can do only bygoing faster.

　　在一秒鐘內(nèi)流過(guò)粗管子的全部水量, 一定會(huì)以某種方式通過(guò)細(xì)管子, 這只有靠加快流速才能做到。

　　例2.Perhaps light is some sort of electric wave, whosenature we do not yet understand.

　　也許,光是某種電波,其性質(zhì)我們尚不清楚。

　　例3.They are striving for the ideal which is close tothe heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laiddown their lives.

　　他們正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)理想而努力, 這個(gè)理想是每個(gè)中國(guó)人所珍愛(ài)的, 在過(guò)去,許多中國(guó)人曾為了這個(gè)理想而犧牲了自己的生命。

　　例4.This will be particularly true since energy pinchwill make it difficult to continue agriculture in high-energy American fashionthat makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. (91年考題)

　　這種困境將是確定無(wú)疑的, 因?yàn)槟茉吹膮T乏使農(nóng)業(yè)無(wú)法以高能量消耗這種美國(guó)耕種方法繼續(xù)下去了, 而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。

　　例5.“In short”, a leader of the new school attends,“the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement andinvention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of sciencein innumerable directions.” (94年考題)

　　新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅(jiān)持說(shuō):“簡(jiǎn)而言之, 我們所稱(chēng)謂的科學(xué)革命, 主要指一系列器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用, 這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無(wú)所不及。

　　例6.The food supply will not increase nearly enough tomatch this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter ofproducing and marketing food. (91年考題)

　　食品的供應(yīng)將趕不上人口的增長(zhǎng), 這就意味著我們?cè)诩Z食的生產(chǎn)和購(gòu)銷(xiāo)方面正陷入危機(jī)。

　　三、翻譯成狀語(yǔ)從句

　　英語(yǔ)中有些定語(yǔ)從句, 兼有狀語(yǔ)從句的職能, 在邏輯上(即意義上)與主句有狀語(yǔ)關(guān)系, 說(shuō)明原因、結(jié)果、讓步、假設(shè)等關(guān)系, 翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)善于從英語(yǔ)原文的字里行間發(fā)現(xiàn)這些邏輯上的關(guān)系, 然后翻譯成漢語(yǔ)中相應(yīng)的偏正復(fù)合句。例如:

　　例1.He did not remember his father who died when hewas three years old.

　　他不記得他父親了, 因?yàn)樗赣H死時(shí)他才三歲。

　　例2.However, iceberg water could be extremely cheapfor some countries when compared with desalination, a process which requiresmuch more fuel and much more money.

　　不過(guò), 對(duì)某些國(guó)家來(lái)講, 用冰山化水比海水脫鹽相比, 費(fèi)用可能極為便宜, 因 為脫鹽過(guò)程需要更多燃料和更多的資金。

　　例3.Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need notbe derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist.

　　如果認(rèn)為理性知識(shí)不必由感性知識(shí)得來(lái), 那他就是一個(gè)唯心主義者。

　　例4.…it was not until sixty years ago that a method ofextracting aluminum ore was found which could lead to a cheap large-scaleprocess. (88年考題)

　　……直到60年前人們才找到開(kāi)采鋁礦的方法, 從而使低成本、大規(guī)模冶煉金屬鋁成為可能。

　　例5.In office, figures, lists and information arecompiled which tell the managers or heads of the business what is happening intheir shops or factories. (85年考題)

　　在辦公室里, 工作人員將各種數(shù)據(jù)、表格和信息加以匯編, 以便讓經(jīng)理或主管人員了解他們的商店或工廠目前正在發(fā)生的情況。

　　例6.Liquids, which contains no free electrons, arepoor conductors of heat.

　　各種液體, 由于不含有自由電子, 是熱的不良導(dǎo)體。

我們講了定語(yǔ)從句的各種翻譯方法，在這里我們還需要提醒大家，在翻譯含有定語(yǔ)從句的句子時(shí)，我們應(yīng)該特別注意在分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)上面下工夫，務(wù)必要搞清定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個(gè)。

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