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外文翻譯公司,英譯漢,各類句式的翻譯技巧

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北京正規(guī)的翻譯機構

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 一、英譯漢 非謂語動詞的譯法

  英語中非謂語動詞包括分詞、不定式和動名詞。動名詞與名詞具有類似的功能,在翻譯時可以參考名詞性從句或抽象名詞的譯法, 下面, 我們主要通過一些實例說明動詞不定式和分詞的翻譯方法。

  例1.Americans do not like to be called materialisticbecause they feel that this unfairly accuses them of loving only materialthings and of having no religious values.

  美國人不喜歡被稱為物質主義者, 因為他們認為指控他們只重物質利益, 沒有宗教價值觀是不公正的。(不定式作賓語)

  例2.The writer‘s purpose may be simply to inform, orto make readers aware of similarities or differences that interesting andsignificant in themselves.

  作者的目的或許只是想告訴讀者或者讓讀者意識到(存在于比較對象之間的)很有趣、值得注意的相似和不同之處。(不定式作表語)

  例3.The aim of science is to describe the world inorderly language, in such a way that we can, if possible, foresee the resultsof those alternative courses of action between which we are always choosing.

  科學的目的在于用規(guī)律的語言來描述世界。這樣, 如果可能的話, 我們就能預見到可供選擇的兩個行動方案的結果。我們經(jīng)常遇到這種選擇。(不定式作表語)

  例4.It is the business of the scientist to accumulateknowledge about the universe and all that is in it, and to find, if he is able,common factors which underlie and account for the facts that he knows.

  科學家要做的事就是積累有關宇宙和宇宙中的一切事物的知識, 而且要是可能的話, 找出那些既能構成科學家所知事實的基礎, 又能解釋這些事實的共同因素。(不定式作主語)

  例5.It is a difficult task to compare two systems ofeducation which stem from different roots and often produce contrastingeffects.

  兩種教育制度體系源于不同的根基, 并常常產(chǎn)生對照鮮明的不同效果, 因而,要將它們作一比較, 確非易事。(不定式作主語)

  例6.This tendency to escalate a situation into itsworst possible conclusion is what I called awfulizing, and it can be a keyfactor in tipping the balance toward, illness or health.

  把一種情況逐漸地想象為最壞的結果, 我稱之為“杞人猶天”, 這或許能打破你體內平衡, 或使你患病, 或使你健康。(不定式作定語)

  例7.As never before, the nations of the worlddemonstrated a willingness to put aside ideological and individual differencesto confront a common threat.

  世界各國決心要把意識形態(tài)分歧和各自的不同意見放在一邊而來正視這個共同的威協(xié), 這在以前從來沒有過。(不定式作定語)

  例8.To communicate precisely what you want to say, youwill frequently need to define key words.

  要準確表達想要表達的內容, 就經(jīng)常需要對關鍵詞進行釋義。(不定式作狀語)

  例9.To make calculations manageable even by computers,most of the models suppose either that the oceans are a shallow, motionlessswamp or that they don‘t exist at all.

  為了使這些計算甚至可以用普通的計算機來處理, 大多數(shù)模型要么假設海洋是既淺又靜止的沼澤, 要么假設它們根本不存在。(不定式作狀語)

  例10.We can have greater confidence in the reality ofa healing system that is beautifully designed to meet most of its problems.

  我們對下述事實應抱有充分而信心: 人體的健康機制十分精妙, 足以應付大部分疾病。(不定式作狀語)

 二、英譯漢 狀語從句的譯法

  英語狀語從句表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、目的等等, 英語狀語從句用在主句后面的較多, 而漢語的狀語從句用在主句前的較多, 因此, 在許多情況下, 應將狀語從句放在主句前面。下面我們通過一些實例說明它們常用的翻譯方法。

  例1.When the levels reached 6 percent the crew memberswould become mentally confused, unable to take measures to preserve theirlives.

  當含量達到6%時, 飛船上的人員將會神經(jīng)錯亂, 無法采取保護自己生命的措 施。(時間狀語從句)

  例2.When censorship laws are relaxed, dishonest peopleare given a chance to produce virtually anything in the name of “art”. (83年考題)

  當審查放寬時, 招搖撞騙之徒就會有機可乘, 在“藝術”的幌子下炮制出形形色 色的東西來。(時間狀語從句)

  例3.When tables and other materials are included, theyshould be conveniently placed, so that a student can consult them withoutturning over too many pages.

  當書中列有表格或其他參考資料時, 應當將這些內容編排在適當?shù)奈恢? 以便 使學生在查閱時, 不必翻太多的書頁。(時間狀語從句)

  例4.This happens when a fact is discovered which seemsto contradict what the “l(fā)aw” would lead one to expect.

  每當發(fā)現(xiàn)一個事實使人感到與該定律應得出的預期結論相矛盾的時候, 就發(fā)生這種情況。(時間狀語從句)

  例5.Now since the assessment of intelligence is acomparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparingour subjects provides a ‘valid‘ or ‘fair‘ comparison. (92年考題)

  既然對智力的評估是比較而言的, 那么我們必須確保, 在對我們的對象進行比較時, 我們所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比較。( 原因狀語從句)

  例6.The policies open to developing countries are morelimited than for industrialized nations because the proper economies respondless to changing conditions and administrative control.

  由于貧窮國家的經(jīng)濟對形勢變化的適應能力差一些, 政府對這種經(jīng)濟的控制作 用也小一些, 所以發(fā)展中國家所能采取的政策比起工業(yè)化國家來就更有局限性。(原因狀語從句)

  例7.For example, they do not compensate for grosssocial inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngstermight have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. (95年考題)

  例如, 他們(測試)并不對社會總的不平等作出補償, 因此, 測試不能告訴我們, 一個社會地位低下的年輕人如果生活在較為優(yōu)越的條件下, 會有多大的才能。(結果狀語從句)

  例8.It also plays an important role in making theearth more habitable, as warm ocean currents bring milder temperatures toplaces that would otherwise be quite cold.

  由于溫暖的洋流能把溫暖的氣候帶給那些本來十分寒冷的地區(qū)并使之變暖, 因此, 海洋在使我們這個地球更適合人類居住方面也扮演一個重要的角色。(原因狀語從句)

  例9.Electricity is such a part of our everyday livesand so much taken for granted nowadays that we rarely think twice when weswitch on the light or turn on the radio. (84年考題)

  電在我們的日常生活中所占的地位是如此重要, 而且現(xiàn)在人們認為電是想當然的事, 所以我們在開電燈或開收音機時, 就很少再去想一想電是怎么來的。(結果狀語從句)

  例10.The first two must be equal for all who are beingcompared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. (92年考題)

  如果要從智力方面進行任何比較的話, 那么我們對所有被比較者來說, 前兩個因素必須是一致的。(條件狀語從句)

三、英譯漢 定語從句的譯法

  定語從句可以分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種,兩類定語從句在翻譯方法上基本類似, 因此我們把它們放在一起介紹。在翻譯定語從句時,我們經(jīng)常采用下列的翻譯方法:

一、前 置 法

  把英語原文的定語從句翻譯成帶“的”的定語詞組, 放置于被修飾的詞之前, 將英語原文的復合句翻譯成漢語的簡單句, 這種方法一般用于限制性定語從句比較短的情況。 一些較短的具有描述性的非限制性定語從句也可采用前置法, 但沒有限制性定語從句使用得普遍。例如:

  例1.For example, one function of friendship seems tofulfill is that it supports the image we have of ourselves, and confirms thevalue of the attitudes we hold.

  例如, 友誼的一個作用似乎是支持我們在自己心目中的形象, 并使我們持有的價值觀念更加堅定。

  例2.The first two must be equal for all who are beingcompared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. (92年考題)

  如果要從智力方面進行任何比較的話, 那么對所有被比較者來說, 前兩個因素 必須是一樣的。

  例3.The first method is to give a synonym, a word thathas nearly the same meaning as the word you wish to define: face forcountenance, nervousness for anxiety.

  第一種方法是同義詞法, 即給出一個與需要釋義的詞在意義上幾乎相同的, 如用face表示countenance, 用nervousness表示anxiety.

  例4.Behaviourists, in contrast, say that difference inscores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of theeducational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. (90年考題)

  相反, 行為主義者認為, 成績的差異是由于黑人常常被剝奪了白人在教育及其他外界環(huán)境方面所享有的許多有利條件而造成的。

  例5.The method of scientific investigation is nothingbut the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it issimply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise andexact explanations. (94年考題)

  科學研究的方法不過是人類思維活動的必要表達方式, 也就是對一切現(xiàn)象進行 思考并給以精確而嚴謹解釋的表達方式。

  例6.A youngster who has no playmates of his age livingnearby may benefit greatly from attending nursery school.

  附近沒有同齡伙伴和自己玩的兒童,上托兒所可以得到很多的益處。

二、后 置 法

  當定語從句較長時, 如果翻譯成前置的定語, 就會不符合漢語的表達習慣, 在這種情況下, 往往把該定語從句翻譯成并列的分句, 放置于原來它所修詞的后面。另外在處理此類定語從句時, 一般遵循的原則是: 若保留先行詞, 則在第二個分句中加以重復, 若省略, 則兩個并列分句中均不再保留。當然, 在實際的翻譯過程中也有例外。

  例1.All the water that flows through the wide pipe ina second must somehow get through a narrow part too, which it can do only bygoing faster.

  在一秒鐘內流過粗管子的全部水量, 一定會以某種方式通過細管子, 這只有靠加快流速才能做到。

  例2.Perhaps light is some sort of electric wave, whosenature we do not yet understand.

  也許,光是某種電波,其性質我們尚不清楚。

  例3.They are striving for the ideal which is close tothe heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laiddown their lives.

  他們正在為實現(xiàn)一個理想而努力, 這個理想是每個中國人所珍愛的, 在過去,許多中國人曾為了這個理想而犧牲了自己的生命。

  例4.This will be particularly true since energy pinchwill make it difficult to continue agriculture in high-energy American fashionthat makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. (91年考題)

  這種困境將是確定無疑的, 因為能源的匱乏使農(nóng)業(yè)無法以高能量消耗這種美國耕種方法繼續(xù)下去了, 而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。

  例5.“In short”, a leader of the new school attends,“the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement andinvention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of sciencein innumerable directions.” (94年考題)

  新學派的一位領袖人物堅持說:“簡而言之, 我們所稱謂的科學革命, 主要指一系列器具的改進、發(fā)明和使用, 這些改進、發(fā)明和使用使科學發(fā)展的范圍無所不及。

  例6.The food supply will not increase nearly enough tomatch this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter ofproducing and marketing food. (91年考題)

  食品的供應將趕不上人口的增長, 這就意味著我們在糧食的生產(chǎn)和購銷方面正陷入危機。

  三、翻譯成狀語從句

  英語中有些定語從句, 兼有狀語從句的職能, 在邏輯上(即意義上)與主句有狀語關系, 說明原因、結果、讓步、假設等關系, 翻譯時應善于從英語原文的字里行間發(fā)現(xiàn)這些邏輯上的關系, 然后翻譯成漢語中相應的偏正復合句。例如:

  例1.He did not remember his father who died when hewas three years old.

  他不記得他父親了, 因為他父親死時他才三歲。

  例2.However, iceberg water could be extremely cheapfor some countries when compared with desalination, a process which requiresmuch more fuel and much more money.

  不過, 對某些國家來講, 用冰山化水比海水脫鹽相比, 費用可能極為便宜, 因 為脫鹽過程需要更多燃料和更多的資金。

  例3.Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need notbe derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist.

  如果認為理性知識不必由感性知識得來, 那他就是一個唯心主義者。

  例4.…it was not until sixty years ago that a method ofextracting aluminum ore was found which could lead to a cheap large-scaleprocess. (88年考題)

  ……直到60年前人們才找到開采鋁礦的方法, 從而使低成本、大規(guī)模冶煉金屬鋁成為可能。

  例5.In office, figures, lists and information arecompiled which tell the managers or heads of the business what is happening intheir shops or factories. (85年考題)

  在辦公室里, 工作人員將各種數(shù)據(jù)、表格和信息加以匯編, 以便讓經(jīng)理或主管人員了解他們的商店或工廠目前正在發(fā)生的情況。

  例6.Liquids, which contains no free electrons, arepoor conductors of heat.

  各種液體, 由于不含有自由電子, 是熱的不良導體。

我們講了定語從句的各種翻譯方法,在這里我們還需要提醒大家,在翻譯含有定語從句的句子時,我們應該特別注意在分析句子的結構上面下工夫,務必要搞清定語從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個。

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